Warning: fopen(/home/virtual/epih/journal/upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-11.txt): failed to open stream: Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 95 Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 96
1Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Health System, College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
© 2024, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
Funding
None.
Author contributions
Both authors contributed equally to conceiving the study, analyzing the data, and writing this paper.
Variables | Dual smoker | Conventional cigarette smoker | Electronic cigarette smoker | Non-smoker |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | ||||
19-39 | 1.42 (1.08, 1.88) | 1.46 (1.25, 1.70)* | 1.13 (0.81, 1.60) | 1.00 (reference) |
40-59 | 1.34 (1.13, 1.58) | 1.24 (1.18, 1.30)* | 1.17 (1.00, 1.38)* | 1.00 (reference) |
≥60 | 1.59 (1.09, 2.32) | 1.14 (1.10, 1.18)* | 1.29 (0.95, 1.75) | 1.00 (reference) |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1.30 (1.13, 1.48) | 1.16 (1.13, 1.20)* | 1.03 (0.90, 1.18) | 1.00 (reference) |
Female | 1.45 (0.90, 2.35) | 1.53 (1.41, 1.65)* | 1.47 (1.00, 2.18) | 1.00 (reference) |
Educational level | ||||
Middle school or lower | 1.27 (0.77, 2.11) | 1.13 (1.08, 1.18)* | 1.27 (0.73, 2.20) | 1.00 (reference) |
High school | 1.17 (0.94, 1.45) | 1.13 (1.08, 1.19)* | 1.02 (0.81, 1.28) | 1.00 (reference) |
College or higher | 1.46 (1.23, 1.74) | 1.38 (1.30, 1.18)* | 1.20 (1.02, 1.42)* | 1.00 (reference) |
Region | ||||
Urban area | 1.56 (1.26, 1.93) | 1.26 (1.19, 1.33)* | 1.12 (0.90, 1.39) | 1.00 (reference) |
Rural area | 1.31 (1.11, 1.54) | 1.20 (1.16, 1.24)* | 1.17 (1.00, 1.37) | 1.00 (reference) |
Occupational classification | ||||
White-collar | 1.54 (1.24, 1.91) | 1.34 (1.24, 1.45)* | 1.29 (1.05, 1.58)* | 1.00 (reference) |
Blue-collar | 1.25 (1.01, 1.55) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12)* | 0.86 (0.66, 1.12) | 1.00 (reference) |
Pink-collar | 0.94 (0.65, 1.36) | 1.22 (1.11, 1.34)* | 0.96 (0.69, 1.33) | 1.00 (reference) |
None | 1.45 (1.03, 2.04) | 1.31 (1.25, 1.38)* | 1.36 (1.00, 1.85)* | 1.00 (reference) |
Characteristics | Total | Diabetes |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
Total | 460,603 (100) | 59,320 (12.9) | 401,283 (87.1) | |
Smoking behavior | <0.001 | |||
Dual smoker | 4,787 (1.0) | 277 (5.8) | 4,510 (94.2) | |
Conventional cigarette smoker | 70,063 (15.2) | 9,359 (13.4) | 60,704 (86.6) | |
Electronic cigarette smoker | 5,027 (1.1) | 276 (5.5) | 4,751 (94.5) | |
Non-smoker | 380,726 (82.7) | 49,408 (13.0) | 331,318 (87.0) | |
Sex | <0.001 | |||
Male | 210,427 (45.7) | 29,778 (14.2) | 180,649 (85.8) | |
Female | 250,176 (54.3) | 29,542 (11.8) | 220,634 (88.2) | |
Age (yr) | <0.001 | |||
19-39 | 97,968 (21.3) | 1,201 (1.2) | 96,767 (98.8) | |
40-59 | 156,204 (33.9) | 13,019 (8.3) | 143,185 (91.7) | |
≥60 | 206,431 (44.8) | 45,100 (21.8) | 161,331 (78.2) | |
Educational level | <0.001 | |||
Middle school or lower | 146,920 (31.9) | 32,607 (22.2) | 114,313 (77.8) | |
High school | 133,654 (29.0) | 16,327 (12.2) | 117,327 (87.8) | |
College or higher | 179,819 (39.0) | 10,352 (5.8) | 169,467 (94.2) | |
Region | <0.001 | |||
Urban area | 134,893 (29.3) | 15,395 (11.4) | 119,498 (88.6) | |
Rural area | 325,710 (70.7) | 43,925 (13.5) | 281,785 (86.5) | |
Alcohol consumption status | ||||
Heavy consumption | 83,326 (18.1) | 8,850 (10.6) | 74,476 (89.4) | <0.001 |
Moderate consumption | 187,750 (40.8) | 16,375 (8.7) | 171,375 (91.3) | |
Light consumption | 189,527 (41.1) | 34,095 (18.0) | 155,432 (82.0) | |
Occupational classification | <0.001 | |||
White-collar | 95,027 (20.6) | 5,050 (5.3) | 89,977 (94.7) | |
Blue-collar | 135,318 (29.4) | 19,690 (14.6) | 115,628 (85.4) | |
Pink-collar | 58,500 (12.7) | 5,252 (9.0) | 53,248 (91.0) | |
None | 171,758 (37.3) | 29,328 (17.1) | 142,430 (82.9) | |
Self-reported health status | <0.001 | |||
Good | 186,078 (40.4) | 11,325 (6.1) | 174,753 (93.9) | |
Normal | 192,708 (41.8) | 25,290 (13.1) | 167,418 (86.9) | |
Bad | 81,817 (17.8) | 22,705 (27.8) | 59,112 (72.2) | |
Body mass index | <0.001 | |||
Overweight | 250,126 (54.3) | 38,104 (15.2) | 212,022 (84.8) | |
Normal | 210,477 (45.7) | 21,216 (10.1) | 189,261 (89.9) | |
Regular exercise | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 91,885 (19.9) | 9,572 (10.4) | 82,313 (89.6) | |
No | 368,372 (80.0) | 49,690 (13.5) | 318,682 (86.5) | |
Breakfast frequency (day/wk) | <0.001 | |||
5-7 | 305,951 (66.4) | 50,916 (16.6) | 255,035 (83.4) | |
1-4 | 62,596 (13.6) | 3,908 (6.2) | 58,688 (93.8) | |
0 | 92,056 (20.0) | 4,496 (4.9) | 87,560 (95.1) | |
Year | <0.001 | |||
2021 | 229,007 (49.7) | 28,447 (12.4) | 200,560 (87.6) | |
2022 | 231,596 (50.3) | 30,873 (13.3) | 200,723 (86.7) |
Variables | Diabetes | p-value |
---|---|---|
Smoking behavior | ||
Dual smoker | 1.39 (1.22, 1.58) | <0.001 |
Conventional cigarette smoker | 1.22 (1.19, 1.26) | <0.001 |
Electronic cigarette smoker | 1.15 (1.01, 1.31) | 0.032 |
Non-smoker | 1.00 (reference) | |
Sex | ||
Male | 1.56 (1.53, 1.60) | <0.001 |
Female | 1.00 (reference) | |
Age (yr) | ||
19-39 | 0.10 (0.09, 0.10) | <0.001 |
40-59 | 0.52 (0.51, 0.53) | <0.001 |
≥60 | 1.00 (reference) | |
Educational level | ||
Middle school or lower | 1.28 (1.24, 1.32) | <0.001 |
High school | 1.20 (1.16, 1.23) | <0.001 |
College or higher | 1.00 (reference) | |
Region | ||
Urban area | 1.04 (1.02, 1.07) | <0.001 |
Rural area | 1.00 (reference) | |
Alcohol consumption status | ||
Heavy consumption | 0.76 (0.74, 0.78) | <0.001 |
Moderate consumption | 0.83 (0.81, 0.85) | <0.001 |
Light consumption | 1.00 (reference) | |
Occupational classification | ||
White-collar | 0.84 (0.81, 0.87) | <0.001 |
Blue-collar | 0.90 (0.88, 0.92) | <0.001 |
Pink-collar | 0.93 (0.90, 0.97) | <0.001 |
None | 1.00 (reference) | |
Self-reported health status | ||
Good | 0.28 (0.28, 0.29) | <0.001 |
Normal | 0.55 (0.54, 0.57) | <0.001 |
Bad | 1.00 (reference) | |
Body mass index | ||
Normal | 0.59 (0.57, 0.60) | <0.001 |
Overweight | 1.00 (reference) | |
Regular exercise | ||
Yes | 0.97 (0.94, 0.99) | 0.010 |
No | 1.00 (reference) | |
Breakfast frequency (day/wk) | ||
5-7 | 1.59 (1.53, 1.64) | <0.001 |
1-4 | 1.12 (1.07, 1.18) | <0.001 |
0 | 1.00 (reference) |
Variables | Dual smoker | Conventional cigarette smoker | Electronic cigarette smoker | Non-smoker |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | ||||
19-39 | 1.42 (1.08, 1.88) | 1.46 (1.25, 1.70) |
1.13 (0.81, 1.60) | 1.00 (reference) |
40-59 | 1.34 (1.13, 1.58) | 1.24 (1.18, 1.30) |
1.17 (1.00, 1.38) |
1.00 (reference) |
≥60 | 1.59 (1.09, 2.32) | 1.14 (1.10, 1.18) |
1.29 (0.95, 1.75) | 1.00 (reference) |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1.30 (1.13, 1.48) | 1.16 (1.13, 1.20) |
1.03 (0.90, 1.18) | 1.00 (reference) |
Female | 1.45 (0.90, 2.35) | 1.53 (1.41, 1.65) |
1.47 (1.00, 2.18) | 1.00 (reference) |
Educational level | ||||
Middle school or lower | 1.27 (0.77, 2.11) | 1.13 (1.08, 1.18) |
1.27 (0.73, 2.20) | 1.00 (reference) |
High school | 1.17 (0.94, 1.45) | 1.13 (1.08, 1.19) |
1.02 (0.81, 1.28) | 1.00 (reference) |
College or higher | 1.46 (1.23, 1.74) | 1.38 (1.30, 1.18) |
1.20 (1.02, 1.42) |
1.00 (reference) |
Region | ||||
Urban area | 1.56 (1.26, 1.93) | 1.26 (1.19, 1.33) |
1.12 (0.90, 1.39) | 1.00 (reference) |
Rural area | 1.31 (1.11, 1.54) | 1.20 (1.16, 1.24) |
1.17 (1.00, 1.37) | 1.00 (reference) |
Occupational classification | ||||
White-collar | 1.54 (1.24, 1.91) | 1.34 (1.24, 1.45) |
1.29 (1.05, 1.58) |
1.00 (reference) |
Blue-collar | 1.25 (1.01, 1.55) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12) |
0.86 (0.66, 1.12) | 1.00 (reference) |
Pink-collar | 0.94 (0.65, 1.36) | 1.22 (1.11, 1.34) |
0.96 (0.69, 1.33) | 1.00 (reference) |
None | 1.45 (1.03, 2.04) | 1.31 (1.25, 1.38) |
1.36 (1.00, 1.85) |
1.00 (reference) |
Values are presented as number (%).
Values are presented as adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
Values are presented as adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval). p<0.05.