Warning: fopen(/home/virtual/epih/journal/upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-11.txt): failed to open stream: Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 95 Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 96
Department of Family Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
© 2022, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Both authors contributed equally to conceiving the study, analyzing the data, and writing this paper.
FUNDING
None.
Characteristics | Total (n=24,564) | 2017 (n=6,167) | 2018 (n=6,216) | 2019 (n=6,269) | 2020 (n=5,912) | p-value (2017-2019) vs. 2020 | p for trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.696 | 0.800 | ||||||
Male | 10,931 (50.0) | 2,749 (50.0) | 2,736 (50.1) | 2,795 (50.0) | 2,651 (50.0) | |||
Female | 13,633 (50.0) | 3,418 (50.0) | 3,480 (49.9) | 3,474 (50.0) | 3,261 (50.0) | |||
Age (yr) | 47.8±0.2 | 47.4±0.5 | 47.6±0.4 | 48.0±0.5 | 48.3±0.5 | 0.262 | 0.122 | |
19-29 | 3,030 (17.5) | 724 (17.5) | 759 (17.8) | 749 (17.4) | 798 (17.3) | 0.558 | 0.118 | |
30-39 | 3,462 (17.0) | 893 (17.6) | 899 (17.2) | 907 (16.8) | 763 (16.5) | |||
40-49 | 4,368 (19.7) | 1,138 (20.5) | 1,134 (20.0) | 1,124 (19.4) | 972 (19.1) | |||
50-59 | 4,664 (20.0) | 1,215 (20.0) | 1,198 (19.9) | 1,186 (20.0) | 1,065 (19.8) | |||
60-69 | 4,469 (13.9) | 1,101 (13.0) | 1,109 (13.5) | 1,135 (14.2) | 1,124 (14.9) | |||
≥70 | 4,571 (12.0) | 1,096 (11.4) | 1,117 (11.8) | 1,168 (12.2) | 1,190 (12.6) | |||
Alcohol use, current | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
No | 8,608 (36.9) | 2,062 (34.6) | 2,210 (36.9) | 2,155 (36.5) | 2,175 (39.3) | |||
Yes | 12,931 (63.1) | 3,325 (65.4) | 3,315 (63.1) | 3,322 (63.5) | 2,969 (60.7) | |||
Smoking, current | 0.063 | 0.053 | ||||||
No | 19,972 (79.4) | 4,995 (78.8) | 5,029 (78.5) | 5,081 (79.6) | 4,867 (80.6) | |||
Yes | 4,289 (20.6) | 1,094 (21.2) | 1,132 (21.5) | 1,082 (20.4) | 981 (19.4) | |||
Aerobic activity adherence | 0.156 | 0.133 | ||||||
No | 13,239 (54.7) | 3,301 (53.5) | 3,469 (55.1) | 3,343 (54.3) | 3,126 (56.0) | |||
Yes | 9,764 (45.3) | 2,483 (46.5) | 2,471 (44.9) | 2,548 (45.7) | 2,262 (44.0) | |||
Medical history | 0.001 | 0.002 | ||||||
DM | 2,477 (8.1) | 596 (7.5) | 574 (7.3) | 624 (8.2) | 683 (9.4) | |||
HBP | 6,152 (20.0) | 1,482 (18.5) | 1,491 (19.2) | 1,609 (20.8) | 1,570 (21.4) | 0.041 | 0.003 | |
Dyslipidemia | 4,900 (16.8) | 1,167 (16.2) | 1,198 (15.7) | 1,221 (16.5) | 1,314 (18.6) | 0.001 | 0.003 | |
Marital status | 0.169 | 0.426 | ||||||
Single | 4,385 (23.9) | 1,037 (23.4) | 1,096 (24.0) | 1,079 (23.0) | 1,173 (25.4) | |||
Married (cohabitation) | 16,555 (64.9) | 4,236 (65.7) | 4,220 (64.5) | 4,283 (66.2) | 3,816 (63.2) | |||
Divorced/Widowed/Separated | 3,608 (11.2) | 890 (10.9) | 897 (11.5) | 905 (10.8) | 916 (11.4) | |||
Education | 0.054 | 0.040 | ||||||
≤Middle school | 6,211 (19.5) | 1,723 (21.8) | 1,620 (20.3) | 1,540 (18.8) | 1,328 (17.1) | |||
High school | 6,301 (27.7) | 1,502 (25.7) | 1,657 (28.4) | 1,643 (28.2) | 1,499 (28.6) | |||
≥College | 10,511 (52.7) | 2,569 (52.4) | 2,664 (51.4) | 2,712 (53.0) | 2,566 (54.3) | |||
Household income | 0.841 | 0.466 | ||||||
Low | 6,108 (25.1) | 1,535 (25.2) | 1,547 (26.0) | 1,565 (24.6) | 1,461 (24.5) | |||
Low-middle | 6,135 (25.0) | 1,549 (24.8) | 1,557 (25.9) | 1,556 (24.9) | 1,473 (24.6) | |||
Middle-high | 6,098 (25.1) | 1,512 (24.9) | 1,550 (24.7) | 1,564 (25.6) | 1,472 (25.4) | |||
High | 6,116 (24.8) | 1,546 (25.1) | 1,541 (23.4) | 1,550 (25.0) | 1,479 (25.5) | |||
Occupation | 0.571 | 0.228 | ||||||
Administrators and specialists | 3,316 (16.5) | 848 (17.1) | 895 (17.0) | 809 (15.8) | 764 (16.2) | |||
Office worker | 2,482 (12.3) | 64 8(12.8) | 611 (11.6) | 668 (12.9) | 555 (11.7) | |||
Service workers and marketers | 2,978 (13.9) | 660 (12.1) | 843 (15.4) | 736 (13.7) | 739 (14.4) | |||
Agriculture, forestry, and fishery | 869 (2.6) | 279 (3.3) | 228 (2.7) | 175 (2.1) | 187 (2.4) | |||
Engineers, technicians, and assemblers | 2,308 (11.6) | 585 (11.9) | 609 (12.1) | 614 (11.9) | 500 (10.6) | |||
Manual laborers | 2,052 (7.9) | 501 (7.9) | 506 (7.3) | 554 (8.1) | 491 (8.0) | |||
Homemakers and students | 8,974 (35.2) | 2,271 (35.0) | 2,238 (33.9) | 2,320 (35.5) | 2,145 (36.7) | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0±0.0 | 23.9±0.1 | 24.0±0.1 | 24.0±0.1 | 24.3±0.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) | <0.001 | 0.003 | ||||||
No | 15,757 (64.4) | 4,004 (65.3) | 4,029 (65.0) | 4,110 (65.6) | 3,614 (61.6) | |||
Yes | 8,615 (35.7) | 2,148 (34.7) | 2,142 (35.0) | 2,123 (34.4) | 2,202 (38.4) | |||
Waist circumference (cm) | 83.1±0.1 | 81.7±0.2 | 82.2±0.2 | 83.8±0.2 | 84.7±0.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 118.0±0.2 | 117.5±0.4 | 117.8±0.4 | 118.5±0.3 | 118.3±0.4 | 0.426 | 0.053 | |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.0±0.1 | 75.8±0.2 | 76.0±0.2 | 76.0±0.2 | 76.1±0.2 | 0.414 | 0.271 | |
HbA1c (%) | 5.70±0.01 | 5.63±0.02 | 5.65±0.01 | 5.75±0.01 | 5.77±0.02 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 100.4±0.2 | 99.8±0.4 | 100.2±0.3 | 100.5±0.4 | 101.0±0.4 | 0.085 | 0.027 | |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 192.1±0.3 | 193.2±0.7 | 191.7±0.7 | 192.8±0.6 | 190.9±0.6 | 0.019 | 0.039 | |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 135.1±0.9 | 135.7±1.8 | 136.2±1.8 | 131.8±1.7 | 136.7±2.2 | 0.368 | 0.900 | |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 117.7±0.8 | 121.1±1.6 | 117.9±1.4 | 118.4±1.5 | 113.8±1.5 | 0.002 | 0.002 | |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51.6±0.1 | 51.1±0.2 | 51.0±0.3 | 52.7±0.3 | 51.4±0.2 | 0.536 | 0.005 | |
Metabolic syndrome | 8,910 (32.4) | 2,069 (29.4) | 2,185 (31.4) | 2,316 (33.6) | 2,340 (35.3) | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Variables | 2017-2019 | 2020 | Changes |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difference (%p) | 95% CI |
|||||
LL | UL | |||||
Total, age ≥19 (yr) | 31.5 (30.5, 32.4) | 35.3 (33.4, 37.1) | 3.8 | 1.6 | 6.0 | |
19-29 | 8.4 (7.1, 9.8) | 10.2 (8.0, 12.3) | 1.7 | -0.9 | 4.3 | |
30-39 | 18.0 (16.3, 19.7) | 20.5 (16.8, 24.2) | 2.5 | -1.6 | 6.5 | |
40-49 | 26.9 (25.1, 28.7) | 31.5 (28.2, 34.8) | 4.6 | 0.9 | 8.4 | |
50-59 | 37.6 (35.8, 39.5) | 43.4 (40.3, 46.4) | 5.8 | 2.2 | 9.4 | |
60-69 | 51.5 (49.5, 53.5) | 52.4 (48.1, 56.6) | 0.9 | -3.9 | 5.6 | |
≥70 | 59.7 (57.7, 61.6) | 61.7 (58.5, 64.9) | 2.1 | -1.7 | 5.8 | |
Male, age ≥19 (yr) | 34.9 (33.7, 36.2) | 41.1 (38.7, 43.5) | 6.2 | 3.5 | 8.9 | |
19-29 | 11.6 (9.4, 13.9) | 13.2 (9.6, 16.7) | 1.5 | -2.6 | 5.7 | |
30-39 | 26.2 (23.5, 28.8) | 28.5 (23.0, 34.1) | 2.4 | -3.8 | 8.5 | |
40-49 | 37.9 (35.1, 40.7) | 47.5 (42.4, 52.6) | 9.6 | 3.8 | 15.4 | |
50-59 | 44.8 (42.1, 47.5) | 55.4 (50.6, 60.1) | 10.6 | 5.1 | 16.1 | |
60-69 | 50.3 (47.5, 53.0) | 52.7 (46.7, 58.7) | 2.5 | -4.2 | 9.1 | |
≥70 | 49.4 (46.5, 52.4) | 55.5 (50.8, 60.2) | 6.1 | 0.6 | 11.6 | |
Female, age ≥19 (yr) | 28.0 (26.8, 29.2) | 29.5 (27.2, 31.7) | 1.5 | -1.2 | 4.1 | |
19-29 | 4.8 (3.3, 6.2) | 6.9 (4.2, 9.5) | 2.1 | -1.0 | 5.1 | |
30-39 | 8.8 (7.0, 10.5) | 11.5 (7.7, 15.3) | 2.7 | -1.5 | 7.0 | |
40-49 | 15.5 (13.6, 17.4) | 14.8 (11.3, 18.4) | -0.7 | -4.7 | 3.3 | |
50-59 | 30.4 (28.1, 32.7) | 31.3 (27.0, 35.7) | 0.9 | -4.1 | 5.9 | |
60-69 | 52.7 (50.0, 55.4) | 52.0 (47.3, 56.7) | -0.7 | -6.2 | 4.8 | |
≥70 | 66.6 (64.2, 68.9) | 66.0 (61.8, 70.3) | -0.5 | -5.4 | 4.3 | |
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 13.7 (12.2, 15.2) | 17.9 (15.3, 20.6) | 4.2 | 1.2 | 7.3 | |
Married (cohabitation) | 34.7 (33.5, 35.8) | 38.9 (36.6, 41.2) | 4.2 | 1.6 | 6.9 | |
Divorced/Widowed/Separated | 50.3 (48.0, 52.5) | 53.5 (49.6, 57.5) | 3.3 | -1.3 | 7.8 | |
Education | ||||||
≤Middle school | 55.0 (53.4, 56.7) | 57.6 (53.7, 61.4) | 2.5 | -1.7 | 6.8 | |
High school | 34.3 (32.7, 35.9) | 36.7 (33.4, 39.9) | 2.3 | -1.3 | 5.9 | |
≥College | 20.6 (19.6, 21.6) | 25.7 (23.9, 27.5) | 5.1 | 3.1 | 7.2 | |
Household income | ||||||
Low | 33.6 (31.9, 35.3) | 38.2 (34.8, 41.5) | 4.6 | 0.8 | 8.4 | |
Low-middle | 32.3 (30.6, 34.0) | 33.2 (30.2, 36.2) | 0.9 | -2.6 | 4.4 | |
Middle-high | 31.2 (29.6, 32.8) | 35.8 (32.8, 38.9) | 4.6 | 1.2 | 8.1 | |
High | 28.7 (27.0, 30.3) | 34.0 (30.9, 37.0) | 5.3 | 1.8 | 8.8 | |
Occupation | ||||||
Administrators and specialists | 22.9 (21.2, 24.7) | 26.8 (23.7, 29.9) | 3.9 | 0.3 | 7.5 | |
Office worker | 24.3 (22.0, 26.6) | 29.3 (24.6, 33.9) | 5.0 | -0.3 | 10.2 | |
Service workers and marketers | 28.8 (26.7, 31.0) | 33.6 (29.3, 38.0) | 4.8 | 0.0 | 9.7 | |
Agriculture, forestry, and fishery | 51.5 (46.6, 56.5) | 47.7 (34.7, 60.7) | -3.8 | -17.8 | 10.1 | |
Engineers, technicians, and assemblers | 34.9 (32.3, 37.5) | 40.5 (35.6, 45.3) | 5.6 | 0.1 | 11.1 | |
Manual laborers | 38.3 (35.4, 41.3) | 39.3 (34.3, 44.3) | 1.0 | -4.9 | 6.9 | |
Homemakers and students | 34.7 (33.2, 36.3) | 35.9 (33.3, 38.5) | 1.2 | -2.0 | 4.3 |
Values are presented as number (weighted %) or mean±standard error. KNEANES, Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey; DM, diabetes mellitus; HBP, high blood pressure; BP, blood pressure, BMI, body mass index; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
Values are presented as weighted % (95% CI). COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CI, confidence interval; %p, percentage points; LL, lower limit; UL, upper limit.