Warning: fopen(/home/virtual/epih/journal/upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-11.txt): failed to open stream: Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 95 Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 96
1Medical Informatics and health Technology (MIT), Department of Health Care Management, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
2Department of Applied Statistics, School of Social Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
© 2021, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
FUNDING
This research was supported by the Gachon University research fund of 2020 (GCU-202002760001) and by a grant from the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2017R1A2B4006545).
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
Conceptualization: HJS, HSO. Data curation: HJS, HSO. Formal analysis: HSO. Funding acquisition: HJS, HSO. Project administration: HJS, HSO. Visualization: HSO. Writing – original draft: HJS, HSO. Writing – review and editing: HJS, HSO.
Medication status | Before the LMT1 | After the LMT1 | Total | Cancer |
---|---|---|---|---|
Insulin | Insulin administration regardless of any medication use | - | 434 (1.2) | 32 (7.4) |
|
||||
Metformin monotherapy | ||||
Complete | Metformin only | Metformin only or all <180 d | 1,729 (4.8) | 41 (2.4) |
Incomplete | Metformin only | Non-metformin | 807 (2.2) | 39 (4.8) |
|
||||
Non-metformin monotherapy | ||||
Complete | Non-metformin only | The same drug only or all <180 d | 1,160 (3.2) | 57 (4.9) |
Incomplete | Non-metformin only | Another medication | 1,893 (5.2) | 108 (5.7) |
|
||||
Metformin combination | Metformin & non-metformin | No restriction | 5,836 (16.2) | 230 (3.9) |
|
||||
Non-metformin combination | At least 2 non-metformin | No restriction | 473 (1.3) | 27 (5.7) |
|
||||
Early prescription and poor compliance | Prescription but all <180 d | No restriction | 4,423 (12.2) | 242 (5.5) |
|
||||
Late prescription with compliance | Non-prescription | Prescription with ≥180 d | 3,161 (8.8) | 222 (7.0) |
|
||||
Late prescription with poor compliance | Non-prescription | Prescription but all <180 d | 1,082 (3.0) | 80 (7.4) |
|
||||
No prescription ever | Non-prescription | Non-prescription | 15,101 (41.8) | 805 (5.3) |
|
||||
Total | 36,099 (100) | 1,883 (5.2) |
Medication status | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Early prescription with compliance | 0.75 (0.76, 0.84)*** | - | - |
Metformin monotherapy | - | 0.66 (0.51, 0.83)** | - |
Metformin combination | - | 0.75 (0.64, 0.88)*** | - |
Non-metformin monotherapy | - | 0.82 (0.68, 0.99)* | - |
Non-metformin combination | - | 0.90 (0.58, 1.32) | - |
|
|||
No early prescription with compliance | 1.00 (reference) | - | - |
Early prescription with poor compliance | - | 1.01 (0.87, 1.18) | - |
Late prescription with compliance | - | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | - |
Late prescription with poor compliance | - | 1.24 (0.97, 1.58)+ | - |
No prescription ever | - | 1.00 (reference) | - |
|
|||
Complete metformin monotherapy | - | - | 0.63 (0.41, 0.99)* |
|
|||
Complete non-metformin monotherapy | - | - | 1.00 (reference) |
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
1 Adjusted for all variables in Table 1 except the target variable (cancer).
+ p<0.1,
* p<0.05,
** p<0.01
*** p<0.001.
Characteristics | n (%) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 18,980 (52.6) |
Female | 17,119 (47.4) |
| |
Age (yr) | |
30–49 | 10,673 (29.6) |
50–69 | 20,482 (56.7) |
70–89 | 4,944 (13.7) |
| |
Income level | |
Low | 11,334 (31.4) |
Mid | 13,940 (38.6) |
High | 10,825 (30.0) |
| |
BMI (kg/m2) | |
Normal (<25) | 9,628 (26.7) |
Overweight (25–30) | 9,455 (26.2) |
Obesity (≥30) | 17,016 (47.1) |
| |
FBG (mg/dL) | |
Normal | 26,419 (73.2) |
High (>126) | 9,680 (26.8) |
| |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | |
Normal | 31,888 (88.3) |
High (≥240) | 4,211 (11.7) |
| |
Hypertension | |
No | 16,315 (45.2) |
Yes | 19,784 (54.8) |
| |
SGPT (ALT) (U/L) | |
Normal | 30,319 (84.0) |
High (≥40) | 5,780 (16.0) |
| |
CCI | |
0 | 12,007 (33.3) |
1 | 11,236 (31.1) |
2 | 4,559 (12.6) |
≥3 | 8,297 (23.0) |
| |
Smoking status | |
Never | 22,363 (61.9) |
Former | 6,152 (17.0) |
Current | 7,584 (21.0) |
| |
Follow-up period (yr) | |
<5 | 12,207 (33.8) |
5–7 | 8,656 (24.0) |
7–9 | 10,152 (28.1) |
≥9 | 5,084 (14.1) |
| |
Cancer | |
No | 34,216 (94.8) |
Yes | 1,883 (5.2) |
Medication status | Before the LMT |
After the LMT |
Total | Cancer |
---|---|---|---|---|
Insulin | Insulin administration regardless of any medication use | - | 434 (1.2) | 32 (7.4) |
| ||||
Metformin monotherapy | ||||
Complete | Metformin only | Metformin only or all <180 d | 1,729 (4.8) | 41 (2.4) |
Incomplete | Metformin only | Non-metformin | 807 (2.2) | 39 (4.8) |
| ||||
Non-metformin monotherapy | ||||
Complete | Non-metformin only | The same drug only or all <180 d | 1,160 (3.2) | 57 (4.9) |
Incomplete | Non-metformin only | Another medication | 1,893 (5.2) | 108 (5.7) |
| ||||
Metformin combination | Metformin & non-metformin | No restriction | 5,836 (16.2) | 230 (3.9) |
| ||||
Non-metformin combination | At least 2 non-metformin | No restriction | 473 (1.3) | 27 (5.7) |
| ||||
Early prescription and poor compliance | Prescription but all <180 d | No restriction | 4,423 (12.2) | 242 (5.5) |
| ||||
Late prescription with compliance | Non-prescription | Prescription with ≥180 d | 3,161 (8.8) | 222 (7.0) |
| ||||
Late prescription with poor compliance | Non-prescription | Prescription but all <180 d | 1,082 (3.0) | 80 (7.4) |
| ||||
No prescription ever | Non-prescription | Non-prescription | 15,101 (41.8) | 805 (5.3) |
| ||||
Total | 36,099 (100) | 1,883 (5.2) |
Medication status | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Early prescription with compliance | 0.75 (0.76, 0.84) |
- | - |
Metformin monotherapy | - | 0.66 (0.51, 0.83) |
- |
Metformin combination | - | 0.75 (0.64, 0.88) |
- |
Non-metformin monotherapy | - | 0.82 (0.68, 0.99) |
- |
Non-metformin combination | - | 0.90 (0.58, 1.32) | - |
| |||
No early prescription with compliance | 1.00 (reference) | - | - |
Early prescription with poor compliance | - | 1.01 (0.87, 1.18) | - |
Late prescription with compliance | - | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | - |
Late prescription with poor compliance | - | 1.24 (0.97, 1.58) |
- |
No prescription ever | - | 1.00 (reference) | - |
| |||
Complete metformin monotherapy | - | - | 0.63 (0.41, 0.99) |
| |||
Complete non-metformin monotherapy | - | - | 1.00 (reference) |
BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; SGPT (ALT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (alanine aminotransferase); CCI, Charlson comorbidity index.
Values are presented as number (%). LMT, landmark time. 2 Years after first diabetes diagnosis.
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Adjusted for all variables in p<0.1, p<0.05, p<0.01 p<0.001.