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Prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in Korea:
Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2021
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Sung-Bin Hong, Ji-Eun Kim, Seung Seok Han, Joseph J. Shearer, Jungnam Joo, Ji-Yeob Choi, Véronique L. Roger
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Epidemiol Health. 2025;e2025005. Published online February 14, 2025
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025005
[Accepted]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The American Heart Association (AHA) recently defined cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome to better characterize the associations among cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases. Although about 9 in 10 U.S. adults have at least 1 risk factor for CKM syndrome, its prevalence in other populations is less understood. To fill this gap, we examined the prevalence of CKM syndrome in South Korea and its association with demographic and socioeconomic status (SES).
METHODS Using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2011 and 2021, we calculated the prevalence of CKM syndrome across the following stages: stage 0 (no risk factors), stage 1 (excess or dysfunctional adiposity), stage 2 (other metabolic risk factors or chronic kidney disease), and stages 3–4 (subclinical/clinical cardiovascular diseases) among adults aged ≥20 years. Weighted analyses were used to estimate prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each CKM syndrome stage, stratified by age, sex, and SES factors.
RESULTS Among 54,994 Korean adults, the prevalence of CKM syndrome was as follows: stage 0 (25.2%; 95% CI, 24.7%–25.8%), stage 1 (19.3%; 95% CI, 18.9%–19.7%), stage 2 (51.6%; 95% CI, 51.1%–52.2%), and stages 3–4 (3.9%; 95% CI, 3.7%–4.0%). The prevalence of stages 2 and 3–4 was higher in men than in women. In addition, stages 3–4 were more prevalent among rural residents and those with lower education or income.
CONCLUSIONS About 3 out of 4 South Koreans are at risk for CKM syndrome. These findings highlight that CKM syndrome is a global health problem and that interventions are urgently needed to prevent further progression.
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Summary
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Changing trends in colorectal cancer in the Republic of Korea: contrast with Japan
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Minjoo Yoon, Nicholas Kim, Byungho Nam, Jungnam Joo, Moran Ki
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Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015038. Published online August 17, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015038
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Crossref
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Abstract
Summary
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer has a high worldwide incidence. Japan, a country that is geographically and culturally similar to the Republic of Korea (here after Korea), has recently reported a decreasing trend in the incidence of colorectal cancer. However, Korea had the highest incidence of colorectal cancer among Asian countries in 2012. Our aim was to observe the changing trends in incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer in Korea and to compare them to those in Japan. Incidence data were collected from the Korean Central Cancer Registry and mortality data were collected from Korean Statistical Information Service. Incidence and mortality data on colorectal cancer in Japan were acquired from the National Cancer Center in Japan. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were determined based on Segi’s world population. Screening data from both countries were collected from the national cancer center in each country. In Korea, the age-standardized incidence rate of colorectal cancer in both sexes was 20.9 to 38.0 per 100,000 from 1999 to 2012 and the rate in males increased more dramatically than in females. In addition, the increase between 2002 and 2012 was first observed in the age group over 40. In Japan, the incidence of colorectal cancer has been more constant over recent years than in Korea. The age-standardized mortality rate of colorectal cancer in both sexes in Korea was 8.5 to 9.3 per 100,000 from 2000 to 2013, and the trend in mortality was constant during this period. In Japan, the mortality rate decreased slightly during the same period. Crude screening rates were increased overall in both Korea and Japan during the period studied. Since the incidence of colorectal cancer has increased in Korea, the control of this cancer is an important public health issue. As Japan has achieved a reduction in colorectal cancer, adjustment of Korea’s current systems for screening and treatment of colorectal cancer according to those of Japan may contribute to improved colorectal cancer control in Korea.
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Summary
Korean summary
우리나라와 지리적, 문화적으로 가까운 일본은 대장암 발생 및 사망이 감소하고 있는 반면, 한국의 대장암 발생은 증가하는 추세이다. 본 연구는 한국의 대장암 발생 및 사망의 경향을 관찰하고, 이를 일본의 경우와 비교하고자 한다
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Citations
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